| In other words | used to reformulate or clarify a previous statement | The experiment failed. In other words, the hypothesis was wrong. |
| To put it another way | a phrase to reformulate what was just said, differently | To put it another way, the plan was not financially viable. |
| That is to say | used to introduce a clarification or more precise statement | She was unavailable — that is to say, she had declined the invitation. |
| Namely | used to introduce a specific example or name of something | Two countries participated, namely France and Germany. |
| The former / the latter | the former = the first mentioned; the latter = the second mentioned | Between price and quality, the latter is more important. |
| Paraphrase | to restate something in different words while keeping the same meaning | A good student can paraphrase sources without copying them. |
| Synonym | a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another | "Residence" is a formal synonym for "home". |
| Antonym | a word with the opposite meaning to another | "Expand" and "contract" are antonyms. |
| Avoid repetition | the technique of using different words/structures to express the same idea | Instead of repeating "important", use "crucial", "vital", or "key". |
| Cross-reference | to refer back to something already mentioned using pronouns or connectors | The study was published in 2020. It showed remarkable results. ("It" = the study) |
| Hyponym | a word that is more specific than a more general word (its hypernym) | "Rose" is a hyponym of "flower" — it is a more specific category. |
| Hypernym | a word whose meaning includes the meanings of other more specific words | "Vehicle" is a hypernym of "car", "bus", and "truck". |