| stem from /stem frɒm/ | come from; have as its origin | His fear of dogs stems from being bitten as a child. |
| bring about /brɪŋ əˈbaʊt/ | make something happen, especially a change | The internet has brought about huge changes in how we shop. |
| contribute to /kənˈtrɪbjuːt tuː/ | be one of the causes of something | Lack of sleep can contribute to poor exam results. |
| give rise to /ɡɪv ˈraɪz tuː/ | cause something new to appear | The success of the first game gave rise to a whole series. |
| trigger /ˈtrɪɡə/ | make something start suddenly | Pollen can trigger an allergic reaction in some people. |
| consequently /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/ | as a result (adverb, often at the start of a sentence) | The bus broke down. Consequently, we missed the start of the film. |
| due to /ˈdjuː tuː/ | because of (+ noun) | The concert was postponed due to bad weather. |
| result in /rɪˈzʌlt ɪn/ | cause a particular result (cause → result) | Leaving the window open resulted in a very cold room. |
| result from /rɪˈzʌlt frɒm/ | be caused by (result ← cause) | Most injuries in football result from bad tackles. |
| side effect /ˈsaɪd ɪˌfekt/ | an extra, usually unwanted, result | One side effect of the medicine is feeling sleepy. |