| in other words /ɪn ˈʌðə wɜːdz/ | used to say something again more simply | The shop is closed until further notice. In other words, nobody knows when it will open. |
| that is to say /ðæt ɪz tə ˈseɪ/ | used to make something more exact (formal) | The event is free for under-12s, that is to say, children born after 2014. |
| namely /ˈneɪmli/ | used to name the exact things you mean | Two players were missing, namely the captain and the goalkeeper. |
| the former /ðə ˈfɔːmə/ | the first of two things mentioned | I like cats and dogs, but the former are easier to look after. |
| the latter /ðə ˈlætə/ | the second of two things mentioned | We could take the bus or the train; the latter is faster. |
| paraphrase /ˈpærəfreɪz/ | say something again in different words | Don't copy the text — paraphrase it in your own words. |
| synonym /ˈsɪnənɪm/ | a word with the same meaning as another | "Huge" is a synonym for "enormous". |
| antonym /ˈæntənɪm/ | a word with the opposite meaning | "Ancient" is an antonym of "modern". |
| to put it another way /tə pʊt ɪt əˈnʌðə weɪ/ | used before explaining the same idea differently | The plan is too expensive. To put it another way, we can't afford it. |
| in effect /ɪn ɪˈfekt/ | in reality; in practice | The new rule is, in effect, a ban on phones in class. |