| Constitute form / comprise / make up | to be or form the parts that make up something | These findings constitute a significant contribution to the field. |
| Thereby /ˌðeəˈbaɪ/ | as a result of this action | Prices were cut, thereby attracting new customers. |
| Ubiquitous /juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/ | found everywhere | Smartphones are now ubiquitous. |
| Notably in particular / especially / specifically | in particular; especially; worth noting | Several countries, notably Sweden and Finland, have adopted the model. |
| Pertinent relevant / applicable / germane | relevant or applicable to a particular matter | She raised several pertinent questions about the methodology. |
| Ostensibly apparently / seemingly / on the surface | apparently or seemingly, but perhaps not actually | The policy was ostensibly about safety, but critics saw other motives. |
| Aggregate total / combined / collective | a whole formed by combining several elements; taken as a whole | In the aggregate, the data shows a clear upward trend. |
| Inherent intrinsic / built-in / fundamental | existing as a permanent and essential quality of something | There are inherent risks in any surgical procedure. |
| Substantiate verify / corroborate / support | to provide evidence to support or prove something | The researchers were unable to substantiate the original claim. |
| Dichotomy divide / opposition / binary | a division or contrast between two things that are opposed or entirely different | The false dichotomy between tradition and innovation must be rejected. |
| Commensurate proportional / equivalent / corresponding | in proportion to; corresponding in size or degree | The salary should be commensurate with the level of responsibility. |
| Proliferate multiply / spread / increase rapidly | to grow or increase rapidly in number | Online platforms have proliferated over the past decade. |