V7

Nuanced Synonyms

Precise distinctions between near-synonyms · avoid blunt substitution

Words 1–4

Say each word after your teacher

Damage vs harm
damage = physical injury to things; harm = negative effect on people/things (broader)
The flood damaged the building. Pollution harms public health.
Famous vs notorious
famous = widely known (neutral/positive); notorious = widely known for something bad
She is famous for her research. He is notorious for his fraud.
Claim vs assert
claim = state without proof (may be disputed); assert = state firmly, with confidence
He claims he was there, but she asserts that he was not.
Prevent vs avoid
prevent = stop something happening (active); avoid = stay away from or not do (passive)
Vaccination prevents disease. He avoided the question entirely.

Words 5–8

Say each word after your teacher

Infer vs imply
infer = draw a conclusion from evidence (reader/listener does this); imply = suggest without stating (speaker/writer does this)
She implied he was lying; I inferred she was angry.
Comprise vs compose
the whole comprises the parts; the parts compose the whole
The committee comprises twelve members. Twelve members compose the committee.
Continuous vs continual
continuous = without interruption; continual = repeated regularly but with breaks
Continuous noise is exhausting. Continual interruptions are frustrating.
Less vs fewer
less = uncountable nouns (amount); fewer = countable nouns (number)
Less water was used. Fewer students attended.

Words 9–12

Say each word after your teacher

Disinterested vs uninterested
disinterested = impartial, no personal stake; uninterested = not interested, bored
A disinterested judge is fair. An uninterested judge is dangerous for different reasons.
Economic vs economical
economic = relating to the economy; economical = not wasteful, cost-effective
The economic crisis was severe. The solution was economical and efficient.
Alternate vs alternative
alternate = every other one (adj) or take turns (verb); alternative = another option
They work on alternate days. An alternative approach was proposed.
Principal vs principle
principal (adj/noun) = main, or head of school; principle (noun) = fundamental rule or belief
The principal reason is cost. The report’s principles are sound.

Your turn

Answer out loud — full sentences

1
Explain the difference between "look", "stare" and "glance" with examples.
2
When would you say "thrifty" instead of "stingy"?
3
Describe someone using two near-synonyms with different shades.
4
Which synonym pairs in English confuse you most?
Practise with flashcards →
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