Exercises
1Improve cohesion using anaphoric reference: "The minister resigned. The minister's decision surprised everyone."
Anaphora points back to something already mentioned — a pronoun avoids clumsy repetition.
2Identify the reference type: "Although he was nervous, David gave a brilliant speech." Is "he" anaphora or cataphora, and why?
Cataphora is forward reference: the pronoun comes before the noun phrase it refers to.
3Rewrite using nominal substitution: "I want the red car, not the blue car."
"one" substitutes for a countable noun already mentioned, avoiding repetition.
4Rewrite using verbal ellipsis: "She has finished her homework, but I haven't finished my homework."
The repeated verb phrase "finished my homework" can be omitted — the auxiliary alone is enough after "but".
5Add a conjunctive adverb to show addition: "The project was over budget. It was delivered late."
Conjunctive adverbs (furthermore, moreover, what's more) signal how one sentence relates to the last.
6Rewrite three short sentences as one cohesive text using reference and conjunction: "The house was damp. The house needed renovation. The house was demolished."
Pronoun reference plus a connector turns a flat list of repetitive sentences into cohesive discourse.