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Cap. 6

Voz pasiva (avanzada)

It is said that… · He is thought to…

¿Por qué usar la pasiva impersonal?

Una estructura formal para noticias, periodismo y escritos académicos

Hace que la información suene más impersonal y objetiva — el origen de la afirmación queda oculto.

Ejemplo de noticias: "Se informa que tres sospechosos están detenidos." — mucho más formal que "La gente dice que tres sospechosos están detenidos."

Verbos comunes de reporte

say (decir)
think (pensar)
believe (creer)
know (saber)
report (informar)
expect (esperar)
understand (entender)
tell (contar)

Estructura 1 — It is said that + oración

La estructura más flexible

It + is / was + participio pasado + that + oración

Funciona con CUALQUIER tiempo verbal en la oración subordinada. El sujeto puede ser cualquier cosa — incluso varios sujetos.

La gente dice que el dinero es la raíz de todos los males.
→
People say money is the root of all evil.
Se dice que el dinero es la raíz de todos los males.
→
It is said that money is the root of all evil.
Creen que Tom es culpable.
→
They believe Tom is guilty.
Se cree que Tom es culpable.
→
It is believed that Tom is guilty.
La gente pensaba que la tierra era plana.
→
People thought the earth was flat.
Se pensaba que la tierra era plana.
→
It was thought that the earth was flat.

Estructura 2 — Sujeto + is said to + infinitivo

La forma personal

Sujeto + is said / thought / believed + to + infinitivo
Situación actual
to + infinitivo
He is said to live in Paris.
Situación pasada
to have + participio pasado
He is said to have lived in Paris.
He is said to live in Paris.
Presente — to + infinitivo
He is said to have lived in Paris.
Pasado — to have + pp
She is thought to be working hard.
Presente continuo
Cuidado: Usa 'to have + participio pasado' cuando la acción es en el pasado — NO 'to had'.

Ambas estructuras — mismo significado

Elige según lo que quieras enfatizar

Impersonal · It + be + pp + that…
It is said that he was rich.
→ Empieza con 'it' — enfoca en el hecho.
It is believed that she knows him.
→ Más común en prensa escrita.
Personal · Sujeto + be + pp + to + inf
He is said to have been rich.
→ Empieza con sujeto — enfoca en la persona.
She is believed to know him.
→ Estructura más compacta.

Cómo transformar: paso a paso

De 'It is said that X + verbo' → 'X is said to + infinitivo'

1
Presente simple
is said that he lives → is said to live
2
Presente continuo
is said that he is living → is said to be living
3
Pasado simple o Presente perfecto
is said that he lived → is said to have lived
4
Will + infinitivo
is expected that it will rain → is expected to rain

Errores comunes — Trampas del FCE

Errores que aparecen en el examen Cambridge

It is said he is rich
→
It is said that he is rich
Siempre incluye 'that'
He is said to lived there
→
He is said to have lived there
Pasado → 'to have + pp'
It said that he is rich
→
It is said that he is rich
Necesita 'is' antes del participio
He said to be rich
→
He is said to be rich
Necesita auxiliar 'is'
Is thought that she won
→
It is thought that she won
Siempre empieza con 'It'

Resumen

Impersonal
It + is / was + pp + that + oración
It is said that he is rich.
Personal — presente
Sujeto + is + pp + to + infinitivo
He is said to be rich.
Personal — pasado
Sujeto + is + pp + to have + pp
He is said to have been rich.
Verbos de reporte
say · think · believe · know · report · expect
— y 'understand', 'tell'