Express simultaneous actions, manner, and conditions with en + -ant
The gerundive is formed with en + the present participle. The present participle is formed from the nous form of the present tense: drop -ons, add -ant.
| Verb | Nous form | Participe | Gérondif |
|---|---|---|---|
| parler | parlons | parlant | en parlant |
| finir | finissons | finissant | en finissant |
| faire | faisons | faisant | en faisant |
| avoir | avons | ayant | en ayant |
| être | sommes | étant | en étant |
The gerundive most commonly expresses two actions happening at the same time by the SAME subject, or the manner in which something is done.
The gerundive can also express a condition (if/by doing) or concession with tout en (even though / while at the same time).
| Avoid | Use | Why |
|---|---|---|
| En mangeant, il a regardé la télé et son chien a aboyé. | En mangeant, il a regardé la télé. (same subject) | The subject of the gérondif MUST match the main clause subject. His dog is a different subject. |
| Il a répondu souriant. (missing en) | Il a répondu en souriant. | The gerundive always requires en before the present participle. |
| En ayant travaillé dur... (past participle) | En travaillant dur... | The gérondif uses the present participle (-ant), not the past participle. There is no passé gérondif in standard B1 usage. |
| Etant = being (invariable) | étant (no agreement) | The present participle used in a gérondif is invariable — no gender/number agreement. |
| Point | Form | Example |
|---|---|---|
| formation | nous form − ons + ant | parlons → parlant → en parlant |
| irregular | être / avoir / savoir | étant / ayant / sachant |
| simultaneous | while doing | Il travaille en écoutant de la musique. |
| manner | by doing / how | J'ai appris en pratiquant. |
| condition | by doing (if) | En partant tôt, tu éviteras les bouchons. |
| tout en | even though / while | Tout en comprenant, je ne suis pas d'accord. |
| same subject rule | subject must match main clause | En arrivant, il a vu Marie. (il = he for both) |
| invariable | no gender/number agreement | Elle a répondu en souriant. (not souriante) |