O Present Perfect conecta o passado com o presente. É usado para experiências de vida e ações recentes com efeito no presente.
Experiência de vida
I have visited Paris. (Já visitei Paris em algum momento da vida.)
Ação recente
She has just arrived. (Ela acabou de chegar.)
Resultado no presente
I have lost my keys. (Perdi as chaves — e não as tenho agora.)
Formação: have/has + particípio passado
sujeito + have/has + particípio passado
I / you / we / they
I have visited. They have eaten.
he / she / it
She has worked. It has finished.
Contrações
I've seen it. She's arrived.
Forma Negativa
I haven't visited. She hasn't arrived.
Forma Interrogativa
Have you ever been to Italy?
Particípios Passados — regulares e irregulares
Verbos regulares (+ -ed)
work → worked · visit → visited · live → lived
Irregulares comuns
go → gone · see → seen · eat → eaten · do → done
Outros irregulares
have → had · take → taken · break → broken · come → come
Atenção: been (esteve/foi e voltou) vs gone (foi e ainda não voltou). Ex: "He has been to London" (visitou) vs "He has gone to London" (está lá agora).
Palavras de tempo associadas
ever / never
Have you ever tried sushi? · I have never been to China.
just / already
She has just left. · I have already eaten.
yet
Have you finished yet? · I haven't started yet.
for / since
I've lived here for two years. · since 2020.
Present Perfect vs Past Simple
Present Perfect
I have visited Paris.
sem tempo definido (experiência de vida)
She has just arrived.
Past Simple
I visited Paris last year.
tempo passado específico (last year)
She arrived at 8pm.
Se disser quando aconteceu (yesterday, in 2020, last week) → usar Past Simple! Se o tempo for indeterminado → Present Perfect.
Erros comuns (Erros típicos)
I have seen him yesterday.
→
I saw him yesterday.
"yesterday" indica tempo específico → Past Simple
She has went home.
→
She has gone home.
go → particípio passado é gone (não went)
I have eat sushi.
→
I have eaten sushi.
usar particípio passado: eaten
Did you ever been to Italy?
→
Have you ever been to Italy?
experiência de vida → Have you ever + PP
Resumo: Present Perfect
Forma
have/has + particípio passado
I have visited / She has eaten
Uso
experiência de vida · recente · resultado
I have lost my keys
Palavras-chave
ever · never · just · already · yet · for · since
Have you ever...?
vs Past Simple
tempo exato? → Past Simple. Sem tempo exato? → Present Perfect